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Introduction to Energy Balances
The ChemEng Student > Lessons > Introduction to Energy Balances

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Course Content
Module 1: Mass & Energy Balances
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Introduction to Mass Balances
Types of Mass Balances
Exercise 1: Mass Balance: Distillation Column
Reacting Systems: Stoichiometry
Reacting Systems: Excess & Limiting Reactants
Reacting Systems: Fractional Conversion
Reacting Systems: Chemical Equilibrium
Reacting Systems: Selectivity & Yield
Exercise 2: Reacting System
Introduction to Energy Balances
Different Forms of Energy
What is Enthalpy
What is Specific Heat Capacity
Defining Latent Heat
What is Heat of a Reaction
How to use Steam Tables
How to Read Enthalpy Charts
Additional Learning Material
Steps to Modelling Systems
Exercise 3: Mass Balance
Why use a Recycle
Why use a Purge
Exercise 4: Recycle Integration
Energy Balance for Reacting Systems
What is Extent of Reaction
Exercise 5: Extent of Reaction
Additional Learning Material
Single-Stage Equilibrium Gas-Liquid Systems
Exercise 6: Single-Stage Gas-Liquid Systems
Counter-Current Multi-Stage Systems
Exercise 7: Counter-Current Multi-Stage Systems
Dilute Systems
Exercise: 8 Analytical Solution for Dilute Systems
Design of Plate Absorption Tower
Exercise 9: Designing Plate Absorption Towers
Introduction to the Masters Course
Mass & Energy Balances Module
Module 2: Reactor Design
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Reactor Design Module
Introduction Rate of Reaction
Exercise 1: Reaction Rate
Arrhenius Equation
Exercise 2: Arrhenius Equation
Introduction to Batch Reactors
Exercise 3: Batch Reactor Modelling
Introduction to CSTR's
Exercise 4: CSTR Modelling
Introduction to Plug Flow Reactors
What are Stoichiometric Tables
Exercise 5: Stoichiometric Tables
Additional Learning Material
Introduction to Non-Isothermal Reactors
Non-Isothermal Batch Reactors
Adiabatic Batch Time
Non-Adiabatic Batch Time
Non-Isothermal CSTR's
CSTR Design Algorithms
Rate Data Analysis - Differential
Rate Data Analysis - Integral
Rate Data Analysis - Half-Life
Additional Learning Material
Fixed Bed Catalytic Reactors Preliminary Designs
Modelling of FBCR
Pseudo-Homogeneous Mass Balance
Pseudo-Homogeneous Energy Balance
Heat Transfer in a FBCR
What is the Friction Factor
Mass Transfer Only
Instantaneous Reactions
Stirred Tank Incomplete Mixing
Laminar Flow in Tubular Reactors
Characteristics of Non-Ideal Behavior
Ideal Tracer Response
Residence Time Distribution
Non-Ideal Tracer Response
What is The Pulse Input
What is The Step Input
Additional Learning Material
Module 3: Thermodynamics
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Exercise 1 Density & Specific Gravity
The Idea of Equilibrium
What are Process Cycles
Introduction to Steady Flow
Understanding the Temperature Scales
Understanding the Idea of Pressure
What are the Different Types of Energy
Energy Transfer by Heat
Energy Transfer by Work
The Energy Balance
Importance of Efficiencies
Introduction to Refrigeration & Heat Pumps
What are Reversible & Irreversible Reactions
Introduction to Entropy
The Ideal Gas Law
Isentropic Ideal Gas Systems
Additional Learning Material
Introduction to Gas Cycles
The OTTO Cycle
The Diesel Engine Cycle
The Broyton Cycle
Introduction to Steam Cycles
The Carnot Cycle
The Ideal Rankine Cycle
The Ideal Rankine Cycle with Superheat
Exercise 1 Steam Power Cycles
What are Regenerative Cycles
The Nuclear Power Plant Cycle
Introduction to Refrigeration Cycles
Properties of Refrigerants
How Does These Systems Work
How to Read Pressure-Enthalpy Charts
Additional Learning Material
Thermodynamics Module
How to Define a System
Importance of Density & Specific Gravity
Module 4: Fluid Mechanics & Dynamics
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Fluid Dynamics & Mechanics Module
Properties of Fluids
What is Viscosity
Exercise 1: Fluid Mechanics
Defining Pressure
What is Head Loss
Exercise 2: Fluid Statics
The Ideal Gas Law
Ideal Gas Equations of State
What is Latent Heat
Understanding Saturated Liquid & Vapour
What is Superheated Vapour
Introduction to Laminar Flow
Laminar Flow Inclined Planes
Introduction to Turbulence
Turbulent Flow in Pipes
Exercise 3: Flow in Pipes
What is Fluid Sheering
Flow in Bounded Systems
What is Compressible Flow
The Compressability Factor
Additional Learning Material
Introduction to Newtonian Fluids
Introduction to Non-Newtonian Fluids
What are Shear Thinning Fluids
Modelling of Shear Thinning Fluids
Exercise 1: Shear Thinning Fluids
Types of Viscosity Models
Exercise 2: Ellis Model
What are Viscoplastic Fluids
Exercise 3: Bingham Fluid Model
What are Shear Thickening Fluids
What are Time Dependent Fluids
Non-Newtonian & Power Law Fluid Flow in Pipes
Exercise 4: Non-Newtonian Flow in Pipes
The Bingham Fluid Model Summary
In-depth Analysis of Turbulence
Modelling of Turbulence
In-depth Analysis of Compressible Flow
Flow of Gas Through a Nozzle
Isothermal Flow of an Ideal Gas
Non-Isothermal Flow of an Ideal Gas
Exercise 5: Non-Isothermal of an Ideal Gas
Isothermal Flow in Pipes
Exercise 6: Isothermal Flow in a Pipe
Non-Isothermal Adiabatic Flow
Exercise 7: Non-Isothermal Adiabatic Flow in Pipes
What are Suspension Mechanisms
The McLeman Equation
Exercise 8: McLeman Equation
Module 5: Process Design
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Process Design Module
Introduction to Laplace Transforms
Properties of Laplace Transforms
Representative Functions
Rectangular Pulse
Impulse Function
Final Value Theorem
Partial Fractions
Exercise 1: Laplace Transforms
Properties of Transfer Functions
Non-Linear Models
Exercise 2: Modelling of Transfer Functions
Additional Learning Material
Introduction to Stability
Modelling of Stability
Routh Stability Criteria
Additional Learning Material
First Order Systems
Standard Process Inputs
Second Order Systems
Second Order Step Response Systems
Exercise 3: Second Order Systems
Complicated Systems
Poles & Zeros
The Inverse Response
Time Delay
What are Higher Order Systems
Additional Learning Material
Introduction to Closed Loop Systems
Modelling of Closed Loop Systems
Types of Controllers
Set Point Changes & Block Diagrams
The General Equation
Additional Learning Material
Feed Forward Control
Ratio Control
Cascade Control
The Smith Predictor
What is Inferential Control
What is Selective Control
What is Adaptive Control
Controlled & Manipulated Variables
Types Pressure Control
Types of Control Structures
Selection of Temperature Control Trays
Flat Temperature Profile
Sharp Temperature Profile
Introduction to Capital Costing
Costing Estimate Tables & Graphs
Costing Indices
Power Law Costing Method
Step Count Costing Method
Zevnik & Buchanan's Method
Timms Costing Method
Bridgewater Costing Method
Lang Factor Method
Plant Wide Control Systems
Degrees of Freedom Analysis
The Snowball Effect
Design Procedure
Additional Learning Material
Module 6: Process Design & Safety
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Introduction to Process Intensification
Enhanced Transport Processes
Integration of Process Units
Moving From Batch to Continuous
The Benefits of Process Intensification
The Challenges of Process Intensification
Introduction to Mass Targeting
Stoichiometric Targeting
Exercise 2: Stoichiometric Targeting
Mass Integration Targeting
Minimum Waste Discharge
Maximum Product Yield
Additional Learning Material
Introduction to Direct Recycle Networks
Selection of Source Sink & Recycles
Sink & Source Composite Curves
Process Design & Safety Module
Design Rules for Material Pinch
Impure Fresh Scenario
Source-Sink Mapping Diagrams
Exercise 2: Direct Recycle Network
Additional Learning Material
Module 7: Heat Transfer
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Heat Transfer Module
Introduction to Conduction
Introduction to Thermal Conductivity
Introduction to Thermal Diffusivity
Introduction to Convection
Introduction to Radiation
Convective Heat Transfer
Types of Flow Regimes
Log Mean Temperature Differance
Conduction & Convection Together
Exercise 1: Convective Heat Transfer
Additional Learning Material
Dropwise & Filmwise Condensation
Nusselt Analysis Modelling
Exercise 2: Nusselt Analysis
Condensation in Horizontal Tubes
Exercise 3: Condensation in Horizontal Tubes
Multi-Component Condensation
Heat Exchanger Design Procedure
Introduction to Forced Boiling
Rating of a heat Exchanger Analysis
What is NTU Effectiveness
Introduction to Pool Boiling
Introduction to Heat Integration
Process Stream Analysis
What is Heat Duty
Overall heat Transfer Coefficient & Area
Temperature Enthalpy Diagrams
Hot Composite Curve
Cold Composite Curve
Heat Exchanger Network Diagram
Exercise 4: Heat Exchanger Network Diagram
Exercise 5: Maximum Energy Recovery
What is a Problem Table
The Grand Composite Curve
Exercise 6: Grand Composite Curve
What is a Threshold Problem
What is Stream Splitting
What are Paths
What are Loops
Additional Learning Material
Introduction to Nodal Networks
The Energy Balance Method
Exercise 7: Energy Balance Method
Formulation of a Matrix
Exercise 8: Formulation of a Matrix
Additional Learning Material
The Velocity Boundary Layer
The Thermal Boundary Layer
Local & Average Convection Coefficients
Exercise 9: Local & Average Convection Coefficients
Laminar & Turbulent Flow
Exercise 10: Laminar & Turbulent Flow
The Boundary Layer Equations
External Flow Systems
Convective Heat & Mass transfer Equations
Exercise 11: Convective Heat & Mass Transfer
Cylinder in Cross Flow Systems
Internal Flow in Pipes
Internal Flow in Pipes Energy Balance
What is the Entry Region
Convection Correlation of Turbulent Flow
Further Pool Boiling
Critical & Minimum Heat Flux
External Forced Convection Boiling
Delay of the Critical Flux
Exercise 12: Delay of Critical Flux
Two-Phase Flow Systems
Exercise 13: Two-Phase Systems
Heat Exchanger Analysis
NTU Analysis Summary
Introduction to Radiation
Emissions from Real Systems
Radiation Heat Flux
Exercise 14: Radiation Heat Flux
Radiation Between Surfaces
Determining the View Factor
Exercise 15: View Factors
Radiation Between Grey Surfaces
Exercise 16: Radiation Between Grey Surfaces
Radiation Exchanger Between Enclosures
Three Surface Enclosure
Exercise 17: Three Surface Enclosure
Gas Emission & Absorption
Correction Factor for Gas Emissivity
Mean Beam Length
Gas Absorptivity of CO2 & H2O
Exercise 18: Gas Absorptivity
Introduction to Freezing
What are Indirect Systems
What are Direct Systems
Frozen Food properties
Determining the Freezing Time
What is Plank's Method
Exercise 19: Plank's Method
What is Pham's Method
Exercise 20: Pham's Method
Predicting Freezing Time Finite Shapes
Exercise 21: Predicting Freezing Time
Determining The Thawing Time
Commercial Sterilization Systems
Microbial Survival Curves
Exercise 22: Microbial Survival Curves
Influence of External Agents
What is Thermal Resistance
Exercise 23: Thermal Resistance
Thermal Death Time
General Process Calculation Method
Exercise 24: The Death Rate
Module 8: Separation Processes
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Introduction to Adsorption
What are Adsorbents
Exercise 1: Adsorbents
Types of Adsorption
Pure Gas Adsorption
Fixed Bed Adsorption
Temperature Swing Adsorption
Pressure Swing Adsorption
Slurry Adsorption
Equipment for Adsorption
Types of Isotherms
Exercise 2: Types of Isotherms
Extended Isotherms
Exercise 3: Multi-Component Adsorption
Liquid Adsorption Isotherms
Surface Area & the BET Equation
Exercise 4: Surface Area & BET Equation
Introduction to the Boundary Layer
Exercise 5: Boundary-Layer Transport
What is Pore Diffusivity
Exercise 6: Effective Pore Diffusivity
Frontal Loading Analytical Solution
Scale-up using Constant Pattern Front
Exercise 7: Scale-up using CPF
Separation Processes Module
Module 9: Distillation
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Distillation Module
Introduction to Distillation
Laws of Distillation
What is Reflux
Antoine Equation
Relative Volatility
Importance of Efficiencies
What are Azeotropes
Flash Distillation
Extractive Distillation
Azeotropic Distillation
Reactive Distillation
Pressure-Swing Distillation
Differential Distillation
Exercise 1: Differential Distillation
Binary Systems
Multi-component VLE Systems
Ideal VLE
Non-Ideal VLE
Exercise 2: Non-Ideal VLE
McCabe Thiele Method
Exercise 3: McCabe Thiele Method
Bubble & Dew Points
Exercise 4: Shortcut Method
Modie & Westberg Method
Exercise 5: Modi Method
Introduction To Ponchon-Savarit Method
Rectifying Section
Stripping Section
Whole Column Model
Exercise 6: Whole Column
What is Sequencing
Sequencing Design Heuristics
Exercise 7: Design Heuristics
Heat Integration GCC
Forward & Backward Integration
Additional Learning Material
Module 10: Unit Operations
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Introduction to Unit Operations
Introduction to Equimolar Counter Diffusion
Introduction to Utilities
What is the Bernoulli Equation
Energy in Motion Systems
Types of Pumps
Compression & Expansion Systems
Stagnant Layer Diffusion
Exercise 1: Stagnant Layer Diffusion
Introduction to Humidity
Exercise 2: Humidity
How to Use a Psychometric Chart
How to Predict Diffusivity
Designing an Extraction Tower
The Two-Bulb Method
Exercise 3: The Two-Bulb Method
The Stefan Method
Exercise 4: The Stefan Method
The Ball Method
Exercise 5: The Ball Method
Convective Mass Transfer
Two-Phase Systems
Exercise 6: Two-Phase Systems
Introduction to Cooling Towers
Cooling Tower Design Procedure
Exercise 7: Cooling Tower Design
Additional Learning Material
Introduction to Evaporators
Single Effect Evaporator Dynamic Balances
Exercise 8: Single Effect Evaporator
Introduction to Boiling Point Rise
Boiling Point Rise Energy Balance
Exercise 9: Boiling Point Rise
Multi-effect Evaporator Dynamic Balances
Exercise 10: Multi-effect Evaporators
Particle Size Distribution
Fluid Particle Separation
Hindered Settling
Exercise 11: Hindered Settling
Introduction to Centrifuges
Separation of Liquids
The D'Arcy Equation
Exercise 12: The D'Arcy Equation
The Carman Kozeny Equation
Introduction to Fluidisation
Fluidisation Dynamic Balances
Exercise 13: Fluidisation
Introduction to Crystallization
Crystallization from Solution
Dynamic Balance Around Crystallizer
Types of Crystallizers
Introduction to Dryers
Dryer Dynamic Balances
Rate of Drying Derivation
Additional Learning Material
Design of Packed Absorption Columns
Determining the Theoretical No. of Trays
Exercise 14: Analytical Solution for Dilute Systems
Design of Packed Tower Mass Transfer
Simplified Method for Dilute Systems
Design Procedure for Packed Towers
Exercise 15: Design of a Packed Tower
Design Using Transfer Units - Dilute Solutions
Exercise 16: Dilute Solution Transfer Units
Design Using Transfer Units Concentrated Solutions
Exercise 17: Concentrated Solution Transfer Units
Additional Learning Material
Binary Systems
Multi-component VLE Systems
Ideal VLE
Non-Ideal VLE
Exercise 18: Non-Ideal VLE
McCabe Thiele Method
Exercise 19: McCabe Thiele Method
Bubble & Dew Points
Exercise 20: Shortcut Method
Modie & Westberg Method
Exercise 21: Modi Method
Introduction to Liquid-Liquid Extraction
Types of Equipment Used
The Three Liquid System Analysis
Exercise 22: Three Liquid Systems
Equilibrium Data on Rectangular Coordinates
Single-Stage Equilibrium Extraction
Exercise 23: Single-Stage Equilibrium Extraction
Single-Stage Liquid-Liquid Extraction
Exercise 24: Single-Stage Liquid-Liquid Extraction
Multi-Stage Counter-Current Extraction
Exercise 25: Multi-Stage Counter Current Extraction
Exercise 26: Designing an Extraction Tower
Particle Size Analysis
Average Particle Size
Exercise 27: Determining the Average Particle Size
Screen Analysis - Material Balances
Exercise 28: Screen Analysis
Introduction to Particle Size Reduction
Introduction to Crushers
Empirical Relationships for Size Reduction
Gyratory Crushers
Exercise 29: Gyratory Crushers
Ball Mills
Exercise 30: Ball Mills
Module 11: Engineering Mathematics
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The Repeated Factor Problem
Introduction to Factorials
The Binomial Coefficients
The Binomial Expansion Theorem
Additional Learning Material
Introduction to Differentiation
General Applications
The Chain Rule
The Product Rule
The Quotient Rule
Inverse Trig Differentiation
Displacement & Velocity Application
Optimisation Differentiation
Implicit Differentiation
Parametric Differentiation
Additional Learning Material
Introduction to Integration
General Applications
Definite Integrals
Area Between Two Curves
Integration by Parts
Integration by Substitution
Additional Learning Material
Introduction to Vectors
Basic Applications of Vectors
Scalar & Cross Product
Equation of Lines with Vectors
Equation of Vector Planes
Intersection of Vector Planes
Intersection of Planes & Lines
Determining the Angles
Additional Learning Material
Introduction to Matrices
Matrix Multiplication
Transpose of a Matrix
Identity Matrix
Determinant & Inverse Matrices
Linear Equations with Matrices
Additional Learning Material
Introduction to Differential Equations
First Order Equations
The Integrating Factor
Second Order Homogeneous Equations
Second Order Non-Homogeneous Equations
Additional Learning Material
Introduction to Complex Numbers
Polynomials with Complex Numbers
The Argand Diagram
Polar Form
De Moivre's Theorem
Additional Learning Material
Welcome to The Course
Recap of Indices
Sine & Cosine Rules
Sketching Quadratics
Introduction to Functions
Applications of Functions
Logarithmic Functions
Trigonometric Functions
Additional Learning Material
Introduction to Partial Fractions
Module 12: Microsoft Excel (Coming Soon)
Full Masters (MEng)
About Lesson

What you will learn

In this lesson, we will introduce the energy balance equation and discuss all its parameters.

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